Consumption of hydrogen water prevents atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice

Consumption of hydrogen water prevents atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice

Ikuroh Ohsawa^{a, b}, Kiyomi Nishimaki^a, Kumi Yamagata^a, Masahiro Ishikawa^a and Shigeo Ohta^{a, ,}

^aDepartment of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Development and Aging Sciences, Nippon Medical School, 1-396 Kosugi-cho, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 211-8533, Japan

^bThe Center of Molecular Hydrogen Medicine, Institute of Development and Aging Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki 211-8533, Japan

Received 16 October 2008. 

Available online 6 November 2008.

Abstract

Oxidative stress is implicated in atherogenesis; however most clinical trials with dietary antioxidants failed to show marked success in preventing atherosclerotic diseases. We have found that hydrogen (dihydrogen; H₂) acts as an effective antioxidant to reduce oxidative stress [I. Ohsawa, M. Ishikawa, K. Takahashi, M. Watanabe, K. Nishimaki, K. Yamagata, K. Katsura, Y. Katayama, S, Asoh, S. Ohta, Hydrogen acts as a therapeutic antioxidant by selectively reducing cytotoxic oxygen radicals, Nat. Med. 13 (2007) 688–694]. Here, we investigated whether drinking H₂-dissolved water at a saturated level (H₂–water) ad libitum prevents arteriosclerosis using an apolipoprotein E knockout mouse (apoE^−/−), a model of the spontaneous development of atherosclerosis. ApoE^−/− mice drank H₂–water ad libitum from 2 to 6 month old throughout the whole period. Atherosclerotic lesions were significantly reduced by ad libitum drinking of H₂–water (p = 0.0069) as judged by Oil-Red-O staining series of sections of aorta. The oxidative stress level of aorta was decreased. Accumulation of macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions was confirmed. Thus, consumption of H₂-dissolved water has the potential to prevent arteriosclerosis.

Keywords: Antioxidant; ApoE; Arteriosclerosis; Atherogenesis; Dihydrogen; Lifestyle-related disease; Macrophage; Molecular hydrogen; Oxidative stress; Preventive medicine